Varying Gravitational Constant as Well as Cosmology from the Early Inflation to Late Acceleration and Future Universe

Abstract

Here, cosmology is obtained from the variable gravitational constant $ G \propto \phi^{-2}$ with $ \phi(x) $ being a scalar and its fluctuations around the ground state. The gravitational action contains Einstein-Hilbert like term with variable $ G $, kinetic energy and self-interaction potential for $ \phi(x) $. Two phase transitions take place in this model. The first one takes place at the GUT (grand unified theory) scale $ \sim 2.45 \times 10^{14}{\rm GeV} $, when the early universe exits the inflationay phase and the second one at the electro-weak scale. Spontaneous symmetry breaking takes place around this scale As a consequence, variable $ G $ acquires constant value $G_N$ (the Newtonian gravitational constant).The standard model of cosmology is obtained in the post-second phase transition era. Interestingly, the dark matter and quintessence dark energy are created from the gravitational sector as a combined effect of the linear term of scalar curvature and $ \phi(x) $ without using non-linear terms of curvature or any other matter fields. It is interesting to find that fluctuations in $ \phi(x) $ cause the phantom dark energy after the second phase transition, which grows later in the expanding universe. It is also found that the phantom era is free from big-rip singularity.