A Very Efficient Scheme for Estimating Entropy of Data Streams Using Compressed Counting

Abstract

Compressed Counting (CC)} was recently proposed for approximating the $\alpha$th frequency moments of data streams, for $0<\alpha \leq 2$. Under the relaxed strict-Turnstile model, CC dramatically improves the standard algorithm based on symmetric stable random projections}, especially as $\alpha\to 1$. A direct application of CC is to estimate the entropy, which is an important summary statistic in Web/network measurement and often serves a crucial "feature" for data mining. The R\'enyi entropy and the Tsallis entropy are functions of the $\alpha$th frequency moments; and both approach the Shannon entropy as $\alpha\to 1$. A recent theoretical work suggested using the $\alpha$th frequency moment to approximate the Shannon entropy with $\alpha=1+\delta$ and very small $|\delta|$ (e.g., $<10^{-4}$). In this study, we experiment using CC to estimate frequency moments, R\'enyi entropy, Tsallis entropy, and Shannon entropy, on real Web crawl data. We demonstrate the variance-bias trade-off in estimating Shannon entropy and provide practical recommendations. In particular, our experiments enable us to draw some important conclusions: (1) As $\alpha\to 1$, CC dramatically improves {\em symmetric stable random projections} in estimating frequency moments, R\'enyi entropy, Tsallis entropy, and Shannon entropy. The improvements appear to approach "infinity." (2) Using {\em symmetric stable random projections} and $\alpha = 1+\delta$ with very small $|\delta|$ does not provide a practical algorithm because the required sample size is enormous.