Thermodynamics of ultracold trapped gases. Generalized mechanical variables, equation of state and heat capacity

Abstract

The thermodynamics framework of an interacting quantum gas trapped by an arbitrary external potential is reviewed. We show that for each confining potential, in the thermodynamic limit, there emerge "generalized" volume and pressure variables ${\cal V}$ and ${\cal P}$, that replace the usual volume and hydrostatic pressure of a uniform system. This scheme is validated with the derivation of the virial expansion of the grand potential. We show that this approach yields experimentally amenable procedures to find the equation of state of the fluid, ${\cal P} = {\cal P}({\cal V}/N,T)$ with $N$ the number of atoms, as well as its heat capacity at constant generalized volume $C_{\cal V} = C_{\cal V}({\cal V},N,T)$. With these two functions, all the thermodynamics properties of the system may be found. As specific examples we study weakly interacting Bose gases trapped by harmonic and by linear quadrupolar potentials within the Hartree-Fock approximation. Comparisons with experimental results of a $^{23}$Na ultracold gas are also presented. We claim that this route should provide an additional and useful tool to analyze both the thermodynamic variables of a trapped gas as well as its elementary excitations.