Properties of Q-ball dark matter: moving away from flat directions

Abstract

Gauge-mediated models of supersymmetry-breaking imply that stable Q-balls can form in the early universe and act as dark matter. All stable Q-balls in the MSSM are associated with one or more flat directions. We show that while Q-balls are produced from the fragmentation of a flat direction condensate, they quickly evolve to a ground state that is slightly away from this flat direction. In this process a (B+L)-ball can become electrically charged. This is a novel form of charge acquisition with important ramifications for the experimental search for Q-ball dark matter.