Phonon instability and self-organized structures in multi-layer stacks of confined dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices

Abstract

In calculations to date [1,2] of multi-layer stacks of dipolar condensates, created in one-dimensional optical lattices, the condensates have been assumed to be two-dimensional. In a real experiment, however, the condensates do not extend to infinity in the oblate direction, but have to be confined by a trap potential, too. By three-dimensional numerical simulations of this realistic experimental situation we find a crucial dependence of the phonon instability boundary on the number of layers. Moreover, near the boundary of the phonon instability, a variety of structured ground-state wave functions emerges, which may indicate the onset of a roton instability [3,4].