General properties of response functions of nonequilibrium steady states

Abstract

We derive general properties, which hold for both quantum and classical systems, of response functions of nonequilibrium steady states. We clarify differences from those of equilibrium states. In particular, sum rules and asymptotic behaviors are derived, and their implications are discussed. Since almost no assumptions are made, our results are applicable to diverse physical systems. We also demonstrate our results by a molecular dynamics simulation of a many-body interacting system.