An Efficient Algorithm for Classical Density Functional Theory in Three Dimensions: Ionic Solutions

Abstract

Classical density functional theory (DFT) of fluids is a valuable tool to analyze inhomogeneous fluids. However, few numerical solution algorithms for three-dimensional systems exist. Here we present an efficient numerical scheme for fluids of charged, hard spheres that uses $\mathcal{O}(N\log N)$ operations and $\mathcal{O}(N)$ memory, where $N$ is the number of grid points. This system-size scaling is significant because of the very large $N$ required for three-dimensional systems. The algorithm uses fast Fourier transforms (FFT) to evaluate the convolutions of the DFT Euler-Lagrange equations and Picard (iterative substitution) iteration with line search to solve the equations. The pros and cons of this FFT/Picard technique are compared to those of alternative solution methods that use real-space integration of the convolutions instead of FFTs and Newton iteration instead of Picard. For the hard-sphere DFT we use Fundamental Measure Theory. For the electrostatic DFT we present two algorithms. One is for the \textquotedblleft bulk-fluid\textquotedblright functional of Rosenfeld [Y. Rosenfeld. \textit{J. Chem. Phys.} 98, 8126 (1993)] that uses $\mathcal{O}(N\log N)$ operations. The other is for the \textquotedblleft reference fluid density\textquotedblright (RFD) functional [D. Gillespie et al., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14, 12129 (2002)]. This functional is significantly more accurate than the bulk-fluid functional, but the RFD algorithm requires $\mathcal{O}(N^{2})$ operations.