Stars and brown dwarfs in the sigma Orionis cluster. II. A proper motion study

Abstract

Aims: I seek to fully know the stellar and substellar populations in the young sigma Orionis open cluster, which is a benchmark for star-forming studies. Because of the very low proper motion of the cluster, late-type dwarfs with appreciable proper motion in the foreground of sigma Orionis can be easily discarded for expensive spectroscopic follow-up. Methods: I use the Aladin sky atlas, USNO-B1, public astrometric catalogues, and photographic plate digitisations to identify stars with proper motions inconsistent with cluster membership in a circular area of radius 30 arcmin centred on the early-type multiple system sigma Ori. Mostly due to the long time baseline, of more than half a century, the errors in the measured proper motions are lower than 2 mas/a. Results: Of the 42 stars selected for astrometric follow-up, 37 of them are proper-motion cluster interlopers. Some USNO-B1 measurements were affected by partially resolved (visual) multiplicity and target faintness. Because of their late spectral types and, hence, red colours, 24 contaminants had been considered as sigma Orionis members at some moment. I discuss how contamination may have affected previous works (especially related to disc frequencies) and the curious presence of lithium absorption in three M-dwarf proper-motion contaminants. Finally, I classify the bright star HD 294297 as a late-F field dwarf unrelated to the cluster based on a new proper motion measurement. Conclusions: Although proper motions cannot be used to confirm membership in sigma Orionis, they can be used instead to discard a number of cluster member candidates without spectroscopy.