Factorizations and Reductions of Order in Quadratic and other Non-recursive Higher Order Difference Equations

Abstract

A higher order difference equation may be generally defined in an arbitrary nonempty set S as: \[ f_{n}(x_{n},x_{n-1},...,x_{n-k})=g_{n}(x_{n},x_{n-1},...,x_{n-k}) \] where $f_{n},g_{n} :S^{k+1}\rightarrow S$ are given functions for $n=1,2,... $ and $k$ is a positive integer. We present conditions that imply the above equation can be factored into an equivalent pair of lower order difference equations using possible form symmetries (order-reducing changes of variables). These results extend and generalize semiconjugate factorizations of recursive difference equations on groups. We apply some of this theory to obtain new factorization results for the important class of quadratic difference equations on algebraic fields. We also discuss the nontrivial issue of the existence of solutions for quadratic equations.