Exact solutions to the four Goldstone modes around a dark soliton of the nonlinear Schroedinger equation

Abstract

This article is concerned with the linearisation around a dark soliton solution of the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation. Crucially, we present analytic expressions for the four linearly-independent zero eigenvalue solutions (also known as Goldstone modes) to the linearised problem. These solutions are then used to construct a Greens matrix which gives the first-order spatial response due to some perturbation. Finally we apply this Greens matrix to find the correction to the dark-soliton wavefunction of a Bose-Einstein condensate in the presence of fluctuations.