Probing the initial conditions of high-mass star formation. II. Fragmentation, stability, and chemistry
Abstract
We present a new high-resolution study of pre-protocluster regions in tracers exclusively probing the coldest and dense gas (NH2D). The data are used to constrain the chemical, thermal, kinematic, and physical conditions (i.e., densities) in G29.96e and G35.20w. NH3, NH2D, and continuum emission were mapped using the VLA, and PdBI. In particular, NH2D is a unique tracer of cold, precluster gas at high densities, while NH3 traces both the cold and warm gas of modest-to-high densities. In G29.96e, Spitzer images reveal two massive filaments, one of them in extinction (infrared dark cloud). We observe very low line widths in NH3 (FWHM <1km/s). These multi-wavelength, high-resolution observations of high-mass pre-protocluster regions show that the target regions are characterized by (i) turbulent Jeans fragmentation of massive clumps into cores (from a Jeans analysis); (ii) cores and clumps that are "over-bound/subvirial", i.e. turbulence is too weak to support them against collapse, meaning that (iii) some models of monolithic cloud collapse are quantitatively inconsistent with data; (iv) accretion from the core onto a massive star, which can (for observed core sizes and velocities) be sustained by accretion of envelope material onto the core, suggesting that (similar to competitive accretion scenarios) the mass reservoir for star formation is not necessarily limited to the natal core; (v) high deuteration ratios ([NH2D/NH3]>6%), which make the above discoveries possible; (vi) and the destruction of NH2D toward embedded stars. [abridged]