Hawking radiation of E<m massive particles in the tunneling formalism

Abstract

We use the tunneling formalism to calculate the Hawking radiation of massive particles. For E>=m, we recover the traditional result, identical to the massless case. But E<m particles can also tunnel across the horizon in a Hawking process. We study the probability for detecting such E<m particles as a function of the distance from the horizon and the energy of the particle in the tunneling formalism. We derive a general formula and obtain simple approximations in the near-horizon limit and in the limit of large radii.