Bifurcation in ground-state fidelity and universal order parameter for two-dimensional quantum transverse Ising model

Abstract

We establish an intriguing connection between quantum phase transitions and bifurcations in the ground-state fidelity per lattice site, and construct the universal order parameter for quantum Ising model in a transverse magnetic field on an infinite-size square lattice in two spatial dimensions, a prototypical model with symmetry breaking order. This is achieved by computing ground-state wave functions in the context of the tensor network algorithm based on the infinite projected entangled-pair state representation. Our finding is applicable to any systems with symmetry breaking order, as a result of the fact that, in the conventional Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson paradigm, a quantum system undergoing a phase transition is characterized in terms of spontaneous symmetry breaking captured by a local order parameter. In addition, a bifurcation in the reduced fidelity between two different reduced density matrices is also discussed.