The power of random measurements: measuring Tr(n) on single copies of
Abstract
While it is known that Tr(n) can be measured directly (i.e., without first reconstructing the density matrix) by performing joint measurements on n copies of the same state rho, it is shown here that random measurements on single copies suffice, too. Averaging over the random measurements directly yields estimates of Tr(n), even when it is not known what measurements were actually performed (so that one cannot reconstruct ).
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