Representations of analytic functions as infinite products and their application to numerical computations

Abstract

Let $D$ be an open disk of radius $\le 1$ in $\mathbb C$, and let $(\epsilon_n)$ be a sequence of $\pm 1$. We prove that for every analytic function $f: D \to \mathbb C$ without zeros in $D$, there exists a unique sequence $(\alpha_n)$ of complex numbers such that $f(z) = f(0)\prod_{n=1}^{\infty} (1+\epsilon_nz^n)^{\alpha_n}$ for every $z \in D$. From this representation we obtain a numerical method for calculating products of the form $\prod_{p \text{prime}} f(1/p)$ provided $f(0)=1$ and $f'(0) = 0$; our method generalizes a well known method of Pieter Moree. We illustrate this method on a constant of Ramanujan $\pi^{-1/2}\prod_{p \text{prime}} \sqrt{p^2-p}\ln(p/(p-1))$. From the properties of the exponents $\alpha_n$, we obtain a proof of the following congruences, which have been the subject of several recent publications motivated by some questions of Arnold: for every $n \times n$ integral matrix $A$, every prime number $p$, and every positive integer $k$ we have $\text{tr} A^{p^k} \equiv \text{tr} A^{p^{k-1}} (\text{mod}\,{p^k})$.