Imaginary-time quantum many-body theory out of equilibrium I: Formal equivalence to Keldysh real-time theory and calculation of static properties

Abstract

We discuss the formal relationship between the real-time Keldysh and imaginary-time theory for nonequilibrium in quantum dot systems. The latter can be reformulated using the recently proposed Matsubara voltage approach. We establish general conditions for correct analytic continuation procedure on physical observables, and apply the technique to the calculation of static quantities in steady-state non-equilibrium for a quantum dot subject to a finite bias voltage and external magnetic field. Limitations of the Matsubara voltage approach are also pointed out.