Superluminous Light Curves from Supernovae Exploding in a Dense Wind

Abstract

Observations from the last decade have indicated the existence of a general class of superluminous supernovae (SLSNe), in which the peak luminosity exceeds 10^{44} erg/s. Here we focus on a subclass of these events, where the light curve is also tens of days wide, so the total radiated energy is order 10^{51} erg. If the origin of these SLSNe is a core-collapse-driven explosion of a massive star, then the mechanism which converts the explosion energy into radiation must be very efficient (much more than in typical core collapse SNe, where this efficiency is of order one percent). We examine the scenario where the radiated luminosity is due to efficient conversion of kinetic energy of the ejected stellar envelope into radiation by interaction with an optically thick, pre-existing circumstellar material (CSM), presumably the product of a steady wind from the progenitor. We base the analysis on a simple, numerically solved, hydrodynamic diffusion model, which allows us to identify the qualitative behavior of the observable light curves, and to relate them to the parameters of the wind. We specifically show that a wide and superluminous supernova requires the mass of the relevant wind material to be comparable to that of ejected material from the exploding progenitor. We find the wind parameters which explain the peak luminosity and width of the bolometric light curves of three particular SLSNe, namely, SN 2005ap, SN 2006gy, and SN 2010gx, and show that they are best fitted with a wind that extends to a radius of order 10^{15} cm. These results serve as an additional indication that at least some SLSNe are powered by interaction of the ejected material with a steady wind of similar mass.