Two-dimensional group delay in graphene probed by spin precession measurements

Abstract

We take graphene as an example to demonstrate that the present widely adopted expression is only the scattering component of a true 2D group delay in the condensed matter context, in which the spatial Goos-H\"{a}nchen (GH) shift along an interface contributes an intrinsic component. We relate the dwell time to spin precession and derive a relation between the 2D group delay and dwell time, whereby we for the first time reveal that, the group delay for 2D ballistic electronic systems can be directly observed by measuring a conductance difference in a weak-field spin precession experiment. This physical observable not only implies the group delay being a relevant quantity even in the condensed matter context, but also provides an experimental evidence for the intrinsic effect of the GH shift. Finally, we revisit the 2D Hartman effect, a central issue of the group delay, by analytically solving it via the vested relation and calculating the proposed observable at the Dirac point.