The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics and Volume-Preserving Conservative Dynamics with Equilibrium Stochastic Damping

Abstract

We propose a mathematical formulation of the zeroth law of thermodynamics and develop a stochastic dynamical theory, with a consistent irreversible thermodynamics, for systems possessing sustained conservative stationary current in phase space while in equilibrium with a heat bath. The theory generalizes underdamped mechanical equilibrium: $dx=gdt+\{-D\nabla\phi dt+\sqrt{2D}dB(t)\}$, with $\nabla\cdot g=0$ and $\{\cdots\}$ respectively representing phase-volume preserving dynamics and stochastic damping. The zeroth law implies stationary distribution $u^{ss}(x)=e^{-\phi(x)}$. We find an orthogonality $\nabla\phi\cdot g=0$ as a hallmark of the system. Stochastic thermodynamics based on time reversal $\big(t,\phi,g\big)\rightarrow\big(-t,\phi,-g\big)$ is formulated: entropy production $e_p^{\#}(t)=-dF(t)/dt$; generalized "heat" $h_d^{\#}(t)=-dU(t)/dt$, $U(t)=\int_{\mathbb{R}^n} \phi(x)u(x,t)dx$ being "internal energy", and "free energy" $F(t)=U(t)+\int_{\mathbb{R}^n} u(x,t)\ln u(x,t)dx$ never increases. Entropy follows $\frac{dS}{dt}=e_p^{\#}-h_d^{\#}$. Our formulation is shown to be consistent with an earlier theory of P. Ao. Its contradistinctions to other theories, potential-flux decomposition, stochastic Hamiltonian system with even and odd variables, Klein-Kramers equation, Freidlin-Wentzell's theory, and GENERIC, are discussed.