Small H-coloring problems for bounded degree digraphs

Abstract

An NP-complete coloring or homomorphism problem may become polynomial time solvable when restricted to graphs with degrees bounded by a small number, but remain NP-complete if the bound is higher. For instance, 3-colorability of graphs with degrees bounded by 3 can be decided by Brooks' theorem, while for graphs with degrees bounded by 4, the 3-colorability problem is NP-complete. We investigate an analogous phenomenon for digraphs, focusing on the three smallest digraphs H with NP-complete H-colorability problems. It turns out that in all three cases the H-coloring problem is polynomial time solvable for digraphs with degree bounds $\Delta^{+} \leq 1$, $\Delta^{-} \leq 2$ (or $\Delta^{+} \leq 2$, $\Delta^{-} \leq 1$). On the other hand with degree bounds $\Delta^{+} \leq 2$, $\Delta^{-} \leq 2$, all three problems are again NP-complete. A conjecture proposed for graphs H by Feder, Hell and Huang states that any variant of the $H$-coloring problem which is NP-complete without degree constraints is also NP-complete with degree constraints, provided the degree bounds are high enough. Our study is the first confirmation that the conjecture may also apply to digraphs.