The Pythagoras number and the $u$-invariant of Laurent series fields in several variables

Abstract

We show that every sum of squares in the three-variable Laurent series field $\mathbb{R}((x,y,z))$ is a sum of 4 squares, as was conjectured in a paper of Choi, Dai, Lam and Reznick in the 1980's. We obtain this result by proving that every sum of squares in a finite extension of $\mathbb{R}((x,y))$ is a sum of $3$ squares. It was already shown in Choi, Dai, Lam and Reznick's paper that every sum of squares in $\mathbb{R}((x,y))$ itself is a sum of two squares. We give a generalization of this result where $\mathbb{R}$ is replaced by an arbitrary real field. Our methods yield similar results about the $u$-invariant of fields of the same type.