One-dimensional electronic solitons of graphene in an electromagnetic field

Abstract

Electronic energy-eigen-states of graphene in an orthogonal electromagnetic field with relative magnitude beta=E/vf*B>=1 or in a pure electric field are obtained by a differential-equation method. Gaussian wave packets of probability density are constructed and found to transform form two-dimensional solitons into one-dimension ones at beta=1, when beta increases form beta<1 into beta>1. The maximum number of one-dimensional solitons of a finite graphene in the field is used to determine the electronic energy levels. These energy levels and the velocity of solitons lead to nonlinear dependence of the current on the Hall voltage for the field with beta>1 and nonlinear current-voltage curves for the pure electric field including the step-like ones at low temperatures, according to the ballistic transport of solitons.