Nonequilibrium density matrix for quantum transport: Hershfield approach as a McLennan-Zubarev form of the statistical operator

Abstract

In this paper, we formally demonstrate that the non-equilibrium density matrix developed by Hershfield for the steady state has the form of a McLennan-Zubarev non-equilibrium ensemble. The correction term in this pseudo equilibrium Gibbs-like ensemble is directly related to the entropy production in the quantum open system. The fact the both methods state that a non-equilibrium steady state can be mapped onto a pseudo-equilibrium, permits us to develop non-equilibrium quantities from formal expressions equivalent to the equilibrium case. We provide an example: the derivation of a non-equilibrium distribution function for the electron population in a scattering region in the context of quantum transport.