Principles of equilibrium statistical mechanics revisited: The idea of vortex energy

Abstract

We show that the law of energy conservation with the fact of matter stability imply the existence of energy complementary to that given by the function of states of interacting systems and treated, with the environment, the function of states of interacting extended systems. The complementary energy, we called it vortex, is integral, not quantized, and causes trends contrary to that prescribed by equilibrium statistical mechanics. We formulate its principles and theorems, and question traditional insights in thermodynamics, entropy law, phase transitions, persistent currents, Brownian motion.