A linear distribution of orbits in compact planetary systems?
Abstract
We report a linear ordering of orbits in a sample of multiple extrasolar planetary systems with super-Earth planets. We selected 20 cases, mostly discovered by the Kepler mission, hosting at least four planets within 0.5 au. The semi-major axis an of an n-th planet in each system of this sample obeys a(n) = a1 + (n-1) a, where a1 is the semi-major axis of the innermost orbit and a is a spacing between subsequent planets, which are specific for a particular system. For instance, the Kepler-33 system hosting five super-Earth planets exhibits the relative deviations between the observed and linearly predicted semi-major axes of only a few percent. At least half of systems in the sample fulfill the linear law with a similar accuracy. We explain the linear distribution of semi-major axes as a natural implication of multiple chains of mean motion resonances between subsequent planets, which emerge due to planet--disk interactions and convergent migration at early stages of their evolution.