Preliminary bounds of the gravitational Local Position Invariance from Solar System planetary precessions

Abstract

In the framework of the Parameterized Post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism, we calculate the long-term Preferred Location (PL) effects, proportional to the Whitehead parameter $\xi$, affecting all the Keplerian orbital elements of a localized two-body system, apart from the semimajor axis $a$. They violate the gravitational Local Position Invariance (LPI), fulfilled by General Relativity (GR). We obtain preliminary bounds on $\xi$ by using the latest results in the field of the Solar System planetary ephemerides. The non-detection of any anomalous perihelion precession for Mars allows us to indirectly infer $|\xi|\leq 5.8\times 10^{-6}$. \textcolor{black}{Such a bound is close to the constraint, of the order of $10^{-6}$, expected from the future BepiColombo mission to Mercury. As a complementary approach, the PL effects should be explicitly included in the dynamical models fitted to planetary data sets to estimate $\xi$ in a least-square fashion in a dedicated ephemerides orbit solution.} The ratio of the anomalous perihelion precessions for Venus and Jupiter, determined with the EPM2011 ephemerides at the $<3\sigma$ level, if confirmed as genuine physical effects needing explanation by future studies, rules out the hypothesis $\xi \neq 0$. A critical discussion of the $|\xi| \lesssim 10^{-6}-10^{-7}$ upper bounds obtained in the literature from the close alignment of the Sun's spin axis and the total angular momentum of the Solar System is presented.