Charge without charge in quarks

Abstract

With appropriate gauge transformations, field can replace electric charge in quarks. Classical quarks, in a necessary non-gauge invariant formulation, are used for illustration, bringing to the fore the limitations of the usual electric charge densities for single particles in Coulomb equations. The results are encouraging; the solutions for the Coulomb potentials apply individually to each quark in a shell structure. A remarkably simple relation emerges between the Coulomb and weak potentials.