Critical edge behavior and the Bessel to Airy transition in the singularly perturbed Laguerre unitary ensemble

Abstract

In this paper, we study the singularly perturbed Laguerre unitary ensemble $$ \frac{1}{Z_n} (\det M)^\alpha e^{- \textrm{tr}\, V_t(M)}dM, \qquad \alpha >0, $$ with $V_t(x) = x + t/x$, $x\in (0,+\infty)$ and $t>0$. Due to the effect of $t/x$ for varying $t$, the eigenvalue correlation kernel has a new limit instead of the usual Bessel kernel at the hard edge 0. This limiting kernel involves $\psi$-functions associated with a special solution to a new third-order nonlinear differential equation, which is then shown equivalent to a particular Painlev\'e III equation. The transition of this limiting kernel to the Bessel and Airy kernels is also studied when the parameter $t$ changes in a finite interval $(0, d]$. Our approach is based on Deift-Zhou nonlinear steepest descent method for Riemann-Hilbert problems.