Boltzmann equation for granular media with thermal force in a weakly inhomogeneous setting

Abstract

In this paper, we consider the spatially inhomogeneous diffusively driven inelastic Boltzmann equation in different cases: the restitution coefficient can be constant or can depend on the impact velocity (which is a more physically relevant case), including in particular the case of viscoelastic hard spheres. In the weak thermalization regime, i.e. when the diffusion parameter is sufficiently small, we prove existence of global solutions considering the close-to-equilibrium regime as well as the weakly inhomogeneous regime in the case of a constant restitution coefficient. It is the very first existence theorem of global solution in an inelastic "collision regime" (that is excluding \cite{AR} where an existence theorem is proven in a near to the vacuum regime). We also study the long-time behavior of these solutions and prove a convergence to equilibrium with an exponential rate. The basis of the proof is the study of the linearized equation. We obtain a new result on it, we prove existence of a spectral gap in weighted (stretched exponential and polynomial) Sobolev spaces and a result of exponential stability for the semigroup generated by the linearized operator. To do that, we develop a perturbative argument around the spatially inhomogeneous equation for elastic hard spheres and we take advantage of the recent paper \cite{GMM}where this equation has been considered. We then link the linearized theory with the nonlinear one in order to handle the full non-linear problem thanks to new bilinear estimates on the collision operator that we establish. As far as the case of a constant coefficient is concerned, the present paper largely improves similar results obtained in \cite{MM2} in a spatially homogeneous framework. Concerning the case of a non-constant coefficient, this kind of results is new and we use results on steady states of the linearized equation from \cite{AL3}.