Kinetic Alfv\'{e}n solitary and rogue waves in superthermal plasmas

Abstract

We investigate the small but finite amplitude solitary Kinetic Alfv\'{e}n waves (KAWs) in low $\beta$ plasmas with superthermal electrons modeled by a kappa-type distribution. A nonlinear Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation describing the evolution of KAWs is derived by using the standard reductive perturbation method. Examining the dependence of the nonlinear and dispersion coefficients of the KdV equation on the superthermal parameter $\kappa$, plasma $\beta$ and obliqueness of propagation, we show that these parameters may change substantially the shape and size of solitary KAW pulses. Only sub-Alfv\'enic, compressive solitons are supported. We then extend the study to examine kinetic Alfv\'en rogue waves by deriving a nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation from {the KdV} equation. Rational solutions that form rogue wave envelopes are obtained. We examine how the behavior of rogue waves depends on the plasma parameters in question, finding that the rogue envelopes are lowered with increasing electron superthermality whereas the opposite is true when the plasma $\beta$ increases. The findings of this study may find applications to low $\beta$ plasmas in astrophysical environments where particles are superthermally distributed.