Dissipative superconductivity: a universal non-equilibrium state of nanowires

Abstract

The ability to carry electric current with zero dissipation is the hallmark of superconductivity. It is this very property which is used in applications from MRI machines to LHC magnets. But, is it indeed the case that superconducting order is incompatible with dissipation? One notable exception, known as vortex flow, takes place in high magnetic fields. Here we report observation of dissipative superconductivity in far more basic configurations: superconducting nanowires with superconducting leads. We provide evidence that in such systems, normal current may flow in the presence of superconducting order throughout the wire. The phenomenon is attributed to the formation of a non-equilibrium state, where superconductivity coexists with dissipation, mediated by the so-called Andreev quasiparticles. Besides promise for applications such as single-photon detectors, the effect is a vivid example of a controllable non-equilibrium state of a quantum liquid. Thus our findings provide an accessible generic platform to investigate conceptual problems of out-of-equilibrium quantum systems.