Breaking of symmetry in graphene growth on metal substrates
Abstract
In graphene growth, island symmetry can become lower than the intrinsic symmetries of both graphene and the substrate. First-principles calculations and Monte Carlo modeling explain the shapes observed in our experiments and earlier studies for various metal surface symmetries. For equilibrium shape, edge energy variations δ E manifest in distorted hexagons with different ground-state edge structures. In growth or nucleation, energy variation enters exponentially as eδ E / kB T, strongly amplifying the symmetry breaking, up to completely changing the shapes to triangular, ribbon-like, or rhombic.
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