Co-existence of states in quantum systems

Abstract

Co-existence of different states is a profound concept, which possibly underlies the phase transition and the symmetry breaking. Because of a property inherent to quantum mechanics (cf. uncertainty), the co-existence is expected to appear more naturally in quantum-microscopic systems than in macroscopic systems. In this paper a mathematical theory describing co-existence of states in quantum systems is presented, and the co-existence is classified into 9 types.