Signatures of the $A^2$ term in ultrastrongly-coupled oscillators

Abstract

We study a bosonic matter excitation coupled to a single-mode cavity field via electric dipole. Counter-rotating and $A^2$ terms are included in the interaction model, ${\mathbf A}$ being the vector potential of the cavity field. In the ultrastrong coupling regime the vacuum of the bare modes is no longer the ground state of the Hamiltonian and contains a nonzero population of polaritons, the true normal modes of the system. If the parameters of the model satisfy the Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn sum rule, we find that the two polaritons are always equally populated. We show how this prediction could be tested in a quenching experiment, by rapidly switching on the coupling and analyzing the radiation emitted by the cavity. A refinement of the model based on a microscopic minimal coupling Hamiltonian is also provided, and its consequences on our results are characterized analytically.