A hidden-variables version of Gisin's theorem

Abstract

It is generally assumed that {\em local realism} represented by a noncontextual and local hidden-variables model in $d=4$ such as the one used by Bell always gives rise to CHSH inequality $|\langle B\rangle|\leq 2$. On the other hand, the contraposition of Gisin's theorem states that the inequality $|\langle B\rangle|\leq 2$ for arbitrary parameters implies (pure) separable quantum states. The fact that local realism can describe only pure separable quantum states is naturally established in hidden-variables models, and it is quantified by $G({\bf a},{\bf b})= 4[\langle \psi|P({\bf a})\otimes P({\bf b})|\psi\rangle-\langle \psi|P({\bf a})\otimes{\bf 1}|\psi\rangle\langle \psi|{\bf 1}\otimes P({\bf b})|\psi\rangle]=0$ for any two projection operators $P({\bf a})$ and $P({\bf b})$. The test of local realism by the deviation of $G({\bf a},{\bf b})$ from $G({\bf a},{\bf b})=0$ is shown to be very efficient using the past experimental setup of Aspect and his collaborators in 1981.