Quark number densities at imaginary chemical potential in $N_f=2$ lattice QCD with Wilson fermions and its model analyses

Abstract

We investigate temperature ($T$) dependence of quark number densities ($n_q$) at imaginary and real chemical potential ($\mu$) by using $N_f = 2$ lattice QCD and the hadron resonance gas (HRG) model. Quark number densities are calculated at imaginary $\mu$ with lattice QCD on an $8^2 \times 16 \times 4$ lattice with the clover-improved $N_f =2$ Wilson fermion action and the renormalization-group-improved Iwasaki gauge action. The results are consistent with the previous results of the staggered-type quark action. The $n_q$ obtained are extrapolated to real $\mu$ by assuming the Fourier series for the confinement region and the polynomial series for the deconfinement region. The extrapolated results are consistent with the previous results of the Taylor expansion method for the reweighting factor. The upper bound $(\mu/T)_{\mathrm{max}}$ of the region where the extrapolation is considered to be reliable is estimated for each temperature $T$ . We test whether $T$ dependence of nucleon and $\Delta$-resonance masses can be determined from LQCD data on $n_q$ at imaginary $\mu$ by using the HRG model. In the test calculation, nucleon and $\Delta$-resonance masses reduce by about 10% in the vicinity of the pseudocritical temperature.