Anomalies of water nanobubbles and nanodroplets: molecular undercoordination

Abstract

Molecular undercoordination shortens and stiffens the H-O bond but lengthens and softens the O:H nonbond simultaneously associated with O 1s energy entrapment and nonbonding electron dual polarization, which dictates behavior of water and ice dominated by undercoordinated molecules, such as droplets, bubbles, defects, skins, etc.