Random Partitions and the Quantum Benjamin-Ono Hierarchy

Abstract

We derive exact and asymptotic results for random partitions from general results in the semi-classical analysis of coherent states applied to the classical periodic Benjamin-Ono equation at critical regularity $s= -1/2$. We find classical $dF_{\star |v} (c| \overline{\varepsilon})$ and quantum $d\hat{F}^{\eta_{NS}}( c | \hbar, \overline{\varepsilon})|_{\Psi}$ conserved densities for this system with dispersion coefficient $\overline{\varepsilon}$ extending Nazarov-Sklyanin (2013). For quantum stationary states, this conserved density is $dF_{\lambda}(c | \varepsilon_2, \varepsilon_1)$ the Rayleigh measure of the profile of a partition $\lambda$ of anisotropy $(\varepsilon_2, \varepsilon_1) \in \mathbb{C}^2$ for $\hbar = - \varepsilon_1 \varepsilon_2$, $\overline{\varepsilon}= \varepsilon_1 + \varepsilon_2$ invariant under $\varepsilon_2 \longleftrightarrow \varepsilon_1$. As Jack polynomials are the quantum stationary states and Stanley's Cauchy kernel (1989) is the reproducing kernel, the random values of the quantum periodic Benjamin-Ono hierarchy in a coherent state $\Upsilon_v ( \cdot | \hbar)$ are a "Jack measure" on partitions, a dispersive generalization of Okounkov's Schur measures (1999). By our general results for coherent states, we have concentration on a limit shape as $\hbar \rightarrow 0$, the classical conserved density at $v$, and quantum fluctuations are an explicit Gaussian field. Our results follow from an enumerative asymptotic expansion in $\hbar$ and $\overline{\varepsilon}$ of joint cumulants over new combinatorial objects we call "ribbon paths". Our results reflect the fact that at fixed $\hbar>0$ the weight defining Fock space is already a fractional Brownian motion of variance $\hbar$ and Hurst index $(-s) - \tfrac{1}{2} \dim \mathbb{T} = + \tfrac{1}{2} - \tfrac{1}{2} = 0.$