On Normalized Compression Distance and Large Malware

Abstract

Normalized Compression Distance (NCD) is a popular tool that uses compression algorithms to cluster and classify data in a wide range of applications. Existing discussions of NCD's theoretical merit rely on certain theoretical properties of compression algorithms. However, we demonstrate that many popular compression algorithms don't seem to satisfy these theoretical properties. We explore the relationship between some of these properties and file size, demonstrating that this theoretical problem is actually a practical problem for classifying malware with large file sizes, and we then introduce some variants of NCD that mitigate this problem.