Constraints on a possible variation of the fine structure constant from galaxy cluster data

Abstract

We propose a new method to probe a possible time evolution of the fine structure constant $\alpha$ from X-ray and Sunyaev-Zeldovich measurements of the gas mass fraction ($f_{gas}$) in galaxy clusters. Taking into account a direct relation between variations of $\alpha$ and violations of the distance-duality relation, we discuss constraints on $\alpha$ for a class of dilaton runaway models. Although not yet competitive with bounds from high-$z$ quasar absorption systems, our constraints, considering a sample of 29 measurements of $f_{gas}$, in the redshift interval $0.14 < z < 0.89$, provide an independent estimate of $\alpha$ variation at low and intermediate redshifts. Furthermore, current and planned surveys will provide a larger amount of data and thus allow to improve the limits on $\alpha$ variation obtained in the present analysis.