Lambda transition and Bose-Einstein condensation in liquid ${\rm ^4He}$

Abstract

We present a theory describing the lambda transition and the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in a liquid ${\rm ^4He}$ based on the diatomic quasiparticle concept. It is shown that in liquid ${\rm ^4He}$ for the temperature region $1~{\rm K}\leq{\rm T}\leq {\rm T}_\lambda$ the diatomic quasiparticles macroscopically populate the ground state which leads to BEC in liquid ${\rm ^4He}$. The approach yields the lambda transition temperature as ${\rm T}_\lambda=2.16~{\rm K}$ which is in excellent agreement with the experimental lambda temperature ${\rm T}_\lambda=2.17~{\rm K}$. The concept of diatomic quasiparticles also leads to superfluid and BEC fractions which are in a good agreement with the experimental data and Monte Carlo simulations.