Appendix: Chapman-Enskog Expansion in the Lattice Boltzmann Method

Abstract

The Chapman-Enskog expansion was used in the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) to derive a Navier-Stokes-like equation and a formula was obtained to correlate the LBM model parameters to the kinematic viscosity implicitly implemented in LBM simulations. The obtained correlation formula usually works as long as the model parameters are carefully selected to make the Mach number and Knudsen number small although the validity of Chapman-Enskog expansion that has a formal definition of time derivative without tangible mathematical sense is not recognized by many mathematicians.