The VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity Survey of Perseus Protostars (VANDAM). II. Multiplicity of Protostars in the Perseus Molecular Cloud

Abstract

We present a multiplicity study of all known protostars (94) in the Perseus molecular cloud from a Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) survey at Ka-band (8 mm and 1 cm) and C-band (4 cm and 6.6 cm). The observed sample has a bolometric luminosity range between 0.1 L$_{\odot}$ and $\sim$33 L$_{\odot}$, with a median of 0.7 L$_{\odot}$. This multiplicity study is based on the Ka-band data, having a best resolution of $\sim$0.065" (15 AU) and separations out to $\sim$43" (10000 AU) can be probed. The overall multiplicity fraction (MF) is found to be of 0.40$\pm$0.06 and the companion star fraction (CSF) is 0.71$\pm$0.06. The MF and CSF of the Class 0 protostars are 0.57$\pm$0.09 and 1.2$\pm$0.2, and the MF and CSF of Class I protostars are both 0.23$\pm$0.08. The distribution of companion separations appears bi-modal, with a peak at $\sim$75 AU and another peak at $\sim$3000 AU. Turbulent fragmentation is likely the dominant mechanism on $>$1000 AU scales and disk fragmentation is likely to be the dominant mechanism on $<$200 AU scales. Toward three Class 0 sources we find companions separated by $<$30 AU. These systems have the smallest separations of currently known Class 0 protostellar binary systems. Moreover, these close systems are embedded within larger (50 AU to 400 AU) structures and may be candidates for ongoing disk fragmentation.