Asymptotic behavior of gradient-like dynamical systems involving inertia and multiscale aspects

Abstract

In a Hilbert space $\mathcal H$, we study the asymptotic behaviour, as time variable $t$ goes to $+\infty$, of nonautonomous gradient-like dynamical systems involving inertia and multiscale features. Given $\mathcal H$ a general Hilbert space, $\Phi: \mathcal H \rightarrow \mathbb R$ and $\Psi: \mathcal H \rightarrow \mathbb R$ two convex differentiable functions, $\gamma$ a positive damping parameter, and $\epsilon (t)$ a function of $t$ which tends to zero as $t$ goes to $+\infty$, we consider the second-order differential equation $$\ddot{x}(t) + \gamma \dot{x}(t) + \nabla \Phi (x(t)) + \epsilon (t) \nabla \Psi (x(t)) = 0. $$ This system models the emergence of various collective behaviors in game theory, as well as the asymptotic control of coupled nonlinear oscillators. Assuming that $\epsilon(t)$ tends to zero moderately slowly as $t$ goes to infinity, we show that the trajectories converge weakly in $\mathcal H$. The limiting equilibria are solutions of the hierarchical minimization problem which consists in minimizing $\Psi$ over the set $C$ of minimizers of $\Phi$. As key assumptions, we suppose that $ \int_{0}^{+\infty}\epsilon (t) dt = + \infty $ and that, for every $p$ belonging to a convex cone $\mathcal C$ depending on the data $\Phi$ and $\Psi$ $$ \int_{0}^{+\infty} \left[\Phi^* \left(\epsilon (t)p\right) -\sigma_C \left(\epsilon (t)p\right)\right]dt < + \infty $$ where $\Phi^*$ is the Fenchel conjugate of $\Phi$, and $\sigma_C $ is the support function of $C$. An application is given to coupled oscillators.