Demonstration of qubit operations below a rigorous fault tolerance threshold with gate set tomography

Abstract

Quantum information processors promise fast algorithms for problems inaccessible to classical computers. But since qubits are noisy and error-prone, they will depend on fault-tolerant quantum error correction (FTQEC) to compute reliably. Quantum error correction can protect against general noise if -- and only if -- the error in each physical qubit operation is smaller than a certain threshold. The threshold for general errors is quantified by their diamond norm. Until now, qubits have been assessed primarily by randomized benchmarking, which reports a different "error rate" that is not sensitive to all errors, and cannot be compared directly to diamond norm thresholds. Here we use gate set tomography (GST) to completely characterize operations on a trapped-Yb$^+$-ion qubit and demonstrate with very high ($>95\%$) confidence that they satisfy a rigorous threshold for FTQEC (diamond norm $\leq6.7\times10^{-4}$).