Energy Balance of a Bose Gas in Curved Spacetime

Abstract

We derive a general energy balance equation for a self-interacting boson gas at vanishing temperature in a curved spacetime. This represents a first step towards a formulation of the first law of thermodynamics for a scalar field in general relativity. By using a $3+1$ foliation of the spacetime and performing a Madelung transformation, we rewrite the Klein-Gordon-Maxwell equations in a general curved spacetime into its hydrodynamic version where we can identify the different energy contributions of the system and separate them into kinetic, quantum, electromagnetic, and gravitational.