Nondegeneracy of ground states and multiple semiclassical solutions of the Hartree equation for general dimensions

Abstract

We study nondegeneracy of ground states of the Hartree equation $$ -\Delta u+u=(I_{2}\ast u^2)u\quad\mbox{ in }\mathbb R^n $$ where $n=3,4,5$ and $I_2$ is the Newton potential. As an application of the nondegeneracy result, we use a Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction argument to construct multiple semiclassical solutions to the following Hartree equation with an external potential $$-\varepsilon^2\Delta u+u+V(x)u=\varepsilon^{-2}(I_{2}\ast u^2)u\quad \mbox{ in }\mathbb R^n.$$