Out-of-time-ordered density correlators in Luttinger liquids

Abstract

Information scrambling and the butterfly effect in chaotic quantum systems can be diagnosed by out-of-time-ordered (OTO) commutators through an exponential growth and large late time value. We show that the latter feature shows up in a strongly correlated many-body system, a Luttinger liquid, whose density fluctuations we study at long and short wavelengths, both in equilibrium and after a quantum quench. We find rich behaviour combining robustly universal and non-universal features. The OTO commutators display temperature and initial state independent behaviour, and grow as $t^2$ for short times. For the short wavelength density operator, they reach a sizeable value after the light cone only in an interacting Luttinger liquid, where the bare excitations break up into collective modes. We benchmark our findings numerically on an interacting spinless fermion model in 1D, and find persistence of central features even in the non-integrable case. As a non-universal feature, the short time growth exhibits a distance dependent power.