Comprehensive understanding of parity-time transitions in $\mathcal{PT}$ symmetric photonic crystals with an antiunitary group theory

Abstract

Electromagnetic materials possessing parity-time symmetry have received significant attention since it was discovered that the eigenmodes of these materials possess either real-frequency eigenvalues or the eigenfrequencies appear in complex-conjugate pairs. Interestingly, some eigenstates of these systems show thresholdless $\mathcal{PT}$ transitions to the complex-conjugate regime, some exhibit a transition as a function of the degree of non-Hermiticity and some show no $\mathcal{PT}$ transition at all. While previous work has provided some insight on the nature of $\mathcal{PT}$ transitions, this work lays out a general and rigorous mathematical framework that is able to predict, based on symmetry alone, whether an eigenmode will exhibit a thresholdless $\mathcal{PT}$ transition or no $\mathcal{PT}$ transition at all. Developed within the context of ferromagnetic solids, Heesh-Shubnikov group theory is an extension of classical group theory that is applicable to antiunitary operators. This work illustrates the Heesh-Shubnikov approach by categorizing the modes of a two-dimensionally periodic photonic lattice that possesses $\mathcal{PT}$ symmetry.