The Hilton--Zhao Conjecture is True for Graphs with Maximum Degree 4

Abstract

A simple graph $G$ is \emph{overfull} if $|E(G)|>\Delta\lfloor|V(G)|/2\rfloor$. By the pigeonhole principle, every overfull graph $G$ has $\chi'(G)>\Delta$. The \emph{core} of a graph, denoted $G_\Delta$, is the subgraph induced by its vertices of degree $\Delta$. Vizing's Adjacency Lemma implies that if $\chi'(G)>\Delta$, then $G_\Delta$ contains cycles. Hilton and Zhao conjectured that if $G_\Delta$ has maximum degree 2 and $\Delta\ge 4$, then $\chi'(G)>\Delta$ precisely when $G$ is overfull. We prove this conjecture for the case $\Delta=4$.